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Dr Barker
United Kingdom
Приєднався 29 гру 2020
Fun maths videos, covering lots of topics that I find interesting.
A Floor & Ceiling Equation
We solve the equation ⌊x^2 - x⌋ = ⌈1 - x^2⌉.
00:00 Sketching x^2 - x and 1 - x^2
01:53 Key values
05:26 Sketching ⌈1 - x^2⌉
07:13 Sketching ⌊x^2 - x⌋
00:00 Sketching x^2 - x and 1 - x^2
01:53 Key values
05:26 Sketching ⌈1 - x^2⌉
07:13 Sketching ⌊x^2 - x⌋
Переглядів: 4 619
Відео
Minimising Without Calculus
Переглядів 5 тис.День тому
We minimise 5x^2 y^2 2z^2 - 2xy 4xz 6z without using calculus. Our approach relies on repeatedly completing the square. 00:00 Intro 00:50 Completing the square 02:43 Terms with x 04:11 Terms with z
Two Neat Properties of Cardioids
Переглядів 4,7 тис.14 днів тому
We prove two properties of cardioids of the form r = a(1 cosθ). Firstly, we show that all chords passing through the origin have the same length. Secondly, we show that the tangents to the cardioid at either end of such a chord are perpendicular. 00:00 Property 1 02:36 Property 2 02:51 Differentiating 06:29 Perpendicularity 10:12 Simplifying
A Fun Twist on a Familiar Problem
Переглядів 8 тис.21 день тому
We find the last non-zero digit of 75! written in base 10. Our approach can be generalised to finding the last non-zero digit of any factorial. 00:00 Intro 00:21 Prime factorisation 01:58 Modular arithmetic 05:06 Removing 15! 06:51 Including 2^18 07:57 Determining the last digit
My Favourite Golden Ratio Fact
Переглядів 14 тис.Місяць тому
The gradient of y = tan(x) is the golden ratio, at the point where the graph of tan(x) intersects cos(x). We explore why the golden ratio has arisen, and construct another similar example using hyperbolic trig functions. 00:00 Intro 00:41 Verifying 03:34 Second example
The Quadratic Formula No One Taught You
Переглядів 98 тис.Місяць тому
We derive an alternative version of the quadratic formula, then explore advantages and disadvantages of each version. This includes values for which they are defined, and the effect of rounding on the accuracy of solutions. 00:00 Intro 00:19 Derivation 1 02:29 Derivation 2 04:55 Problems with the original formula 07:40 Problems with the new formula 11:31 Comparison of accuracy 14:17 Why you sho...
Can You Solve Without Finding x & y?
Переглядів 3,9 тис.Місяць тому
Given x y = -2 and x^3 y^3 = 16, we find the value of x^4 y^4. Instead of directly finding the values of x and y, our approach involves expressing x^4 y^4 in terms of x y and x^3 y^3. 00:00 Intro 00:31 An expression for x^4 y^4 01:44 More useful expressions 03:49 Substitution 05:08 Addendum: values of x & y
A Short Number Theory Problem
Переглядів 14 тис.Місяць тому
We solve the problem determining whether or not it is possible to rearrange the digits of a power of 2, to get a different power of 2 (not allowing numbers to begin with zero). 00:00 Intro 00:21 Divisibility by 9 02:14 Powers of 2
Similar Triangles in the Complex Plane
Переглядів 2,6 тис.Місяць тому
We explore conditions for triangles in the complex plane to be similar to each other. The formulation is slightly different if the triangles have different orientations (i.e. mirror images). I came across the result for triangles with the same orientation in Hahn's book: Hahn, L., 1994. Complex numbers and geometry. Cambridge University Press. 00:00 Intro 00:29 Similar triangles 01:24 Using com...
Proving A Crazy GCD Identity
Переглядів 3,7 тис.2 місяці тому
We prove that n^{gcd(a,b)} - 1 = gcd( n^a - 1, n^b - 1) for all positive integers n, a, and b. Some trivial cases, for example where n = 1, are omitted from the proof. I found this problem in Gelca and Andreescu's book, Putnam and Beyond. Bézout's identity: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézout's_identity proofwiki.org/wiki/Bézout's_Identity 00:00 Intro 00:18 Idea for the proof 01:01 A sufficient condit...
A Satisfying Number Theory Proof
Переглядів 3,6 тис.2 місяці тому
We prove that given 10 consecutive integers, there is always at least one which is coprime to all of the others. 00:00 Intro 00:16 Common factors 02:16 Considering odd numbers 05:36 Which common factors are left?
Median of Medians Puzzle
Переглядів 4 тис.2 місяці тому
We solve a problem where, given the integers from 1-25, they are split into 5 subsets of size 5, and we find the median of the medians of each subset. What are the biggest & smallest possible values this median of medians can take? 00:00 Intro 01:11 Biggest possible value 03:58 Constructing an example 05:43 Smallest possible value 07:03 Small example
A Unique Proof Without Induction
Переглядів 26 тис.2 місяці тому
We prove Nicomachus' theorem, that (1^3 2^3 ... n^3) = (1 2 ... n)^2. The proof relies on manipulation of summations, rather than induction or geometric reasoning. 00:00 Intro 00:45 Setup 01:36 Double summation 04:43 Evaluating the double summation
Solving a Matrix Equation
Переглядів 6 тис.3 місяці тому
We solve a matrix equation with 3 unknowns. More details on diagonalisation: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix#Example 00:00 Diagonalisation 01:36 Eigenvalues 03:30 Eigenvectors 05:39 Diagonalising 08:31 Solving 10:36 Finding a & b 13:07 Remaining case
The Most Satisfying Proof: Product of 4 Consecutive Integers is not Square
Переглядів 23 тис.3 місяці тому
We prove that the product of 4 consecutive positive integers can't be a square number. We begin with a simpler proof for 2 consecutive integers, and also show the outline of a similar proof for 8 consecutive integers. 00:00 Intro 00:25 Simpler proof: n(n 1) 01:49 Main proof 04:33 Alternative conclusion 05:00 Addendum: n(n 1)...(n 7)
A Quick Solution Using Complex Numbers
Переглядів 6 тис.4 місяці тому
A Quick Solution Using Complex Numbers
A Simple Sequence, with Fun Consequences
Переглядів 8 тис.4 місяці тому
A Simple Sequence, with Fun Consequences
Equation of a Line in the Complex Plane
Переглядів 15 тис.4 місяці тому
Equation of a Line in the Complex Plane
A Neat Application of Complex Numbers
Переглядів 4,9 тис.5 місяців тому
A Neat Application of Complex Numbers
A Satisfying Property of Diagonals
Переглядів 2,9 тис.6 місяців тому
A Satisfying Property of Diagonals
How Many Ways Are There To Draw This Graph?
Переглядів 2,2 тис.6 місяців тому
How Many Ways Are There To Draw This Graph?
There’s a symmetry between the two formulae for when a = 0 and c = 0. When a = 0: Old formula gives 1/0 (undefined) and 0/0 (indeterminate) New formula gives 1/0 (undefined) and -c/b (solution) When c = 0: New formula gives 0 (solution) and 0/0 (indeterminate) Old formula gives 0 (solution) and -b/a (solution)
Inverted quadratic formula
This is an incredible video. Where do you get your inspiration?
Why would anyone care if the quadratic formula works for an equation that isn't a quadratic. Oh no! Neither form works for a cubic! SMH!
nice. since you showed me yours, I'll show you mine: (-b +- sqrt(b**2 + (y-c)4a))/2a combining the two should work (haven't checked, but x=x): 2c/(-b +- sqrt(b**2 + (y-c)4a))
For both formlas you can get all the solutions, even those where the denominator is zero. You do this by taking the limit a-->0 (for the original formula) or c-->0 (for the new one) and use the taylor expanaion of the square root (or, equivalently, use the L'hospital rule, as in both cases both the denominator and numerator tend to zero).
A quadratic equation is a second order equation written as ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are coefficients of real numbers and a ≠ 0.
Is the -b - sqrt(b^2 - 4ac) argument general? Or does it apply only to this particular case and thus for each cases, we have to determine which one is close to zero to apply the appropriate formula?
why didn’t u change sqrt (b^2) to abs (b) and let b always be positive 10:26
I was in my thirties when I first encountered this version of the quadratic formula, in a wonderful book called Numerical Recipes. For computational accuracy, you want to choose the radical term with the largest absolute value. So define S = -b + sqrt(b*b-4ac) when b<0, and S = -b - sqrt(b*b-4ac) when b>0. Then the two solutions are S/2a and 2c/S.
This comment really helped me understand that you don't necessarily want to use only one of the formulas but using both to help with accuracy! Thanks for posting this!
@@jarrodfrench957 you're welcome!
Intuitively obvious, if you reflect for a moment on the equation ax² + bxy + cy² = 0 which is to be solved for the ratio of x/y. Clearly x/y is found by the traditional formula. By symmetry, y/x must be found by the inverse after swapping a and c. That's the formula given here. Setting y=1 we get the usual quadratic formula for x. Setting x=1 we get the "new" formula. As given, this is just a plausibility argument, but it can easily be made rigorous.
I myself discovered this 4 years ago (while I was in my 10th standard) and showed it to my teachers. But no one gave proper attention. 😞😞😞
Wow brilliant 🥇🏆👏👏
@@Shakti258 Thank you🙏🙏🙏
This also shows if you know one root x+, then the other is x- = c/(a x+)
If a is zero it’s not a quadratic any more and the solution is staring you in the face, so you don’t need a formuka??
and for good reason. We rationalize the denominator so that the calculation is straight forward. take the simple case of 1/sqrt(2) VS sqrt(2)/2: to work that out using long division the first one is not doable. whereas the second is irrational but if we are willing to cutoff the calculation at some point we can do that calculation.
Multiply the first formula by the second formula. You get the big b term to cancel our, and you're left with 2c/2a, which ends up being x^2 = c/a, which finally ends with x = ±√(c/a)
Great observation! However, your final conclusion is unfortunately incorrect, because just like another comment said, the "+-" in the second formula should really be "-+". When both "+-" are the same sign you actually get two different roots using the two formulae. Therefore multiplying the two would give x1 * x2 = c/a, confirming part of the Vieta's formulae that states the product of the two roots in a quadratic is c/a. Interesting idea to multiply them though!
Interesting question, lol...have to write this algebraically, etc, in equations, but basically you have to make sure that they are within two integers, etc, like if you draw a line at each integers, forming a grid of horizontal lines, you have to make sure they are within two grids, one (x^2 -x or something) above the middle line (so it's floor is on the middle line), the other (1-x^2) below the middle line (so its ceiling is on the middle line), but above the bottom one (so it's ceiling isn't there)...should be easy to write in terms of algebra, but I can't do that in my head, lol, not very good with my head and I'm in a hurry...
Algebraically you can exclude the outside regions by showing that one side is >=2 while the other is <=-1 Then you do a series of individual cases where you find where the two functions are between those values and use when either of them takes an integer value to define the intervals of the cases Then you do a case by case approach, e.g. start on the intervall ]-1,-sqrt(2)[, then check for -sqrt(2), then check ]sqrt(2),1/2-sqrt(5)/2[,...
Ah, I see...I actually typed a comment some 20 mins after I wrote that with my approach to it, but I don't see it...something about regions where 1< (x²-x) - (1-x²)<2, etc, being solutions, and then considering areas where 0<(x²-x) - (1-x²)<1, etc, seeing which ones contain integers, selecting regions where they the right hand is larger than said integer while the left is smaller, etc...
interesting, since this gives the correct answer at a=0 unlike the standard form
When "a" is zero, you don't have a quadratic equation! So no, we would *never* use either quadratic formula to solve this ... bx + c = 0 ... simple equation. This is case of making something that is simple, into something idiotic.
Thx for another good friday-math.
can this be solved mathematically, without drawing the functions or is graph required
It can be solved, but is less pretty. You basically have to manipulate inequalities to show that the floor and ceiling will have different values at certain intervals.
Hmmm, you say "smaller" for "closer to negative infinity"... I try to use larger/smaller for distance or proximity to 0, and higher/lower for the proximity to positive or negative infinity, as I felt that's less confusing. But you're a far better maths educator than me. Am I wrong? Should -1000000 be considered a smaller number than -1? 🤔
Man ... don't make up rules. Or if you want to do that, make some good rules.
It doesn't really matter
"Don't make up rules"? "It doesn't really matter"? Have neither of you ever met a typical mathematician before? 🤣
The relation you describe is different from what is typically meant with <= or <, and wouldn't satifsy any of the axioms of orders, so I would recommend using a different term and symbol for that And to answer your question -1000000 is smaller than -1, if I had -1000000Eur in the bank (i.e. I owed them that money for some reason) my wealth would be smaller than if it was -1Eur
@@TheLuckySpades I'm treating signed numbers as a vector quantity, with a magnitude and a direction (albeit only in 1d) when I talk about "larger and smaller", I'm comparing magnitudes!
1/2 - sqrt(5)/2 = 1 - ϕ 😡😜
omg! Two of my fav irrational numbers in one video!
Fantastic solution! I really appreciate how systematically you approached the problem, making it easy to follow and understand. Your channel is truly a gem for anyone looking to improve their math skills, and your way makes learning enjoyable. Please keep uploading such excellent videos! Your dedication and clear explanations are incredibly valuable. Apart from the maths, I like your English accent, it is amazing. Like from Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦
Thank you so much!
Agreed 100%
Very nice explanation! I was able to make the graph, but when it came to plotting the points I got lazy and started looking for an alternative method :P
Haha! Right? I've had to go back, recently, and force myself to do the long way through many different calculations from my youth, finding I'd become lazy, and weak, from dependence on my shortcuts. We need both, both the long-way for detail and thoroughness and reminders of justifications, and also shortcuts for mid-calculation summarizing for handling encapsulated values and relations in a manageable way.
thanks Mr Barker! Love your visualisations, was confused after the lecture just now and found your videos first
If b=c=0 how can we get solutions using this form Also if c=0 there is a solution x= -b/a which we will not get from this form.
I am not using that. I am gonna just guess. That formula is just too big.
why don't you look the alternative formula where you have to divide the entire polynomial by a first? then you don't have to worry about the pesky a = 0 either. In my opinion, it's also easier to remember. x^2 + bx + c = 0 x = -b/2 +- sqrt((b/2)^2 - c)
I wish I knew this sooner
A negative number squared is positive. ((-b)^2)^(1/2) is b not -b. ((-b)^2)^(1/2) =/= (-b)^(1) ((-b)^2)^(1/2) = abs((-b)^(1))
From 7:02
It's kind of interesting how the signs flip, giving you the second solution where the normal quadratic formula gave you the first. I wonder if this relates to some kind of symmetry, maybe the fact 1/x is an involution?
I found it when i was in 6 th class i have proof also i shared it with my teacher i proved it also but my teacher said me to rationalize
Could a line exist in the complex plane? Yes. Suppose we choose pairs of complex numbers. We could treat every $(x_{r}+x_{i}\sqrt{-1}, y_{r}+y_{i}\sqrt{-1})$ as points in a pair of Cartesian planes, with a real plane, and an imaginary plane. Simple as coming up with two lines in both planes, then merging the results.
Linear algebra come save us 😭
Great treatment of the approximations. Barker yer the man!!
Many real world quadratic equations are only slightly quadratic and we are only interested in one of the roots, the one closest to -c/b. This is when this approach comes into its own. There’s an example concerning the blockage in a wind tunnel in my Thesis.
Для большего понимания куда полезней вывести флрмулу для корней, тогда не будет надобности заниматься бесполезными выкладками.
Bro what if x=0 then your method of proving can not be justified
Is there any interesting insight to be gained from thinking in terms of the symmetric matrix of coefficients of the terms? This algorithm you presented certainly seems to work well enough. I am going to bet a beer the eigenvalues have something to do with whether the function has a min or max or saddle.
Great video! You've solved my problem in a very elegant way! Love the w notation!
could this question be solved via the AM-GM inequality as well?
Shreedharacharya Formula❤
I'm a little confused. Since when is squaring a negative number still remains negative? Sqrt((-b)^2)) should result in b. Sure the end result is the same but it's just the principle.
I thought it was easier using calculus. Partially differentiate with respect to x, then y, then z, giving three equations in three unknowns. Took about five minutes.
Innovative solution! How can we generalise this for any coefficients and if any yz, x, y, or constant terms are present?
There is another way to solve this, which is perhaps a bit faster, as long as 2n is a positive integer. If it is not, the meaning of the 2n th power is in any case not uniquely defined, since ((1)^{2n} is then already non-uniquely defined. For positive integer 2n, just split the matrix into the sum: {{n,1},(0, -2}}= D + N of a diagonal part D= {{n,0},(0, -2}} and a nilpotent part N:= {{0,1},(0, 0}}. Raising this to the (2n)th power consists of raising D to the (2n)th power, giving the diagonal matrix D^{(2n)} = {{n^{2}), (-2)^{2n}} and adding the sum, from j=0 to 2n -1, of the products D^j N D^{2n-j} = {{0, - 2^(2n-1) (n/2)^j}}, which is a finite geometric series, easily summed. The resulting matrix is the same as yours: {{n^{2n}, (n^{2n} - 4^n)/n+1, {0, 4^n}}. Setting it equal to {{a,b},{0, b- 5b}} gives the special solutions you found.
How would you solve this with calculus ?
The standard approach would be to take partial derivatives to look for maximum/minimum points. So differentiate everything with respect to x only, keeping y & z fixed, then set ∂f/∂x = 0. We would do the same to set ∂f/∂y = 0 and ∂f/∂z = 0, then solve these 3 simultaneous equations to find values of x, y, z which minimise the function.
Once you said the magic words "complete the square" it was a big enough hint for me. Very cool! Will definitely remember this idea
Ok I'll minimize: You're a trivial problem. You're nothing.